Birth Defects Included in the Study
BD-STEPS collects information on babies who have at least one of 22 major birth defects. Researchers chose these 22 conditions because they can be severe, are more common, can have high health care use or costs, can be identified consistently across study sites, or because previous findings have warranted more in-depth research.
Birth Defects Studied in BD-STEPS by Body System Affected | |
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Cardiovascular (Heart) | Coarctation of the aorta Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Pulmonary atresia Transposition of the great arteries Tetralogy of Fallot Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Tricuspid atresia Truncus arteriosus |
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spine) | Spina bifida without anencephaly Microcephaly with a coexisting brain anomaly* Holoprosencephaly* |
Eye | Anophthalmia / microphthalmia Anterior Segment eye defects* Posterior Segment eye defects* |
Ear | Anotia / microtia |
Orofacial (Face and Mouth) | Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Cleft palate alone |
Gastrointestinal (Gut) | Esophageal atresia |
Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Bones) | Arthrogryposis* Diaphragmatic hernia Gastroschisis Transverse limb deficiency |
* Included in study as of 2020